Meursault in The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay Example for Free

Meursault in The Stranger by Albert Camus Essay Life is wonderful, but also hard. We struggle to find the meaning in our lives, but we can not accomplish it. There are many kinds of thoughts or philosophies of life; some think that life is already determined by God or destiny when they were born, while others think that they decide what they do by themselves. In the stranger, Albert Camus creates Meursault as a protagonist, who does not think about anything deeply. Because of that, he can not really enjoy his life. However, finally, he thinks about his life when he faces death; he truly realized how to face to the absurd world, and thus becomes Camus perfect existential hero. Meursault is indifferent, and he thinks he perfectly enjoys each moment; however, the reality is he just wastes time and does not even know that. Meursault thinks that emotion is ridiculous because people are controlled by it, and regret or feeling sorry is a waste of time. Thus, even when he faces his mothers death, he does not feel anything. He does not have interest in his mothers death, so he does not even know when his mother died. Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know(3). Usually, ones mothers death significant and people think about their lives through her death. Even though it is not his, and he knows that he can not find it, he should think about what his life means from the relationship between death and life. However, it is possible that he does not care about it too much because he can not do anything in her death, but he does not care about his marriage, too. He has a girlfriend, named Marie, and when she asked him to get married with her, he was still indifferent, Then she pointed out that marriage was a serious thing. I said No'(42). He dos not know what is important in life. It is not because he has different sense of values but because he does not care about anything seriously. He has not had a big problem in his way, but his way to live is now problem. When he takes Arabs life away, he does not really realize what he did. Even when he was in the police station, he does not understand what he did, thus, c I was even going to shake his hand, but I remembered that I had killed a man(64). He treats everything as a fact, so he does not really have an  emotion. He thinks it is the way to enjoy his life, but it makes his life more meaningless. He does not think deeply. Also, he thinks death is death, so there is no future after death. Then, he shot the Arab four times more, but he does not know what it means, Then I fired four more times at the motionless body where the bullets lodged without leaving a trace. And it was like knocking four quick times on the door of unhappiness(59). He does not feel good about shooting four more times, but it is not worth death at all. Taking human life is same as knocking the door of unhappiness for him; his way to live, which is without emotion makes his life horrible later, but at this time, he does not understand anything. Life without emotion is easy because an emotion does not make sense, so he can make sense with everything in his life. However, it also makes his life colorless. Because he is different from others, the society beats him; the world does not help him, so he now has to create meaning in his life by himself. When he is on trial, he testifies honestly because he always follows his heart and does what he wants; however, it does not fit the society, then people judge him from their subjective justice. @ @When he honestly testifies about why he killed Arab, people did not listen seriously, cI blurted out that it was because of the sun. People laughed(103). People do not understand him, and then they do not treat him as usual. They beat the stranger; there is nobody to help him. Moreover, they think they are right, so people rid from the society and make him look worse. The prosecutor does not want Meursault to live in the society, which the prosecutor lives and to have the same human heart. He stated that I had no place in a society whose most fundamental rules I ignored and that I could not appeal to the same human heart whose elementary response I knew nothing of(102). He denies Meursaults human right. He should be in trouble, but in the trial, there are only people who think they are normal and right, so they are the same as him. Thus, they do not notice that the prosecutor is wrong. Their personality is horrible because there is no exception. Meursault thinks about this judgment and the machinery of justice(108). It is exactly correct. They follow their own common sense, and treat him as a stranger. The consequence is a death penalty. However, ironically, this situation, which makes him face death and being aware that nobody helps him, makes him  think about his life and notice that he has to find it by himself. Right before his death, he realized the meaning in life. People do not know why they are living, but they laugh at him because they think he is stupid and better than him; however, ironically, he understands his life. When he accepts the absurd world, he can create meaning of his life; there is no future, so he has to think about every single moment carefully and enjoy it. Ironically, he does not have time any more. However, he thinks, I had been happy and that I was happy again(123). Actually, he enjoys his life because he did not know that he has lived indifferently. His life is hard for ordinary people to understand, but for him, it totally makes sense. Moreover, he understands everything now, so he feels happiness again. Also, he feels a sense of superiority because he knows that people who look down on him do not know. There are many thought about world, and he wants to see the absurd world, and show them his way to live, I had only to wish that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate(123). He notices that nobody seriously cares about him, but still they come to his execution. Playing the game is ridiculous for him, but people can not live without it. Nobody really has a grudge against him, but they follow the others. Being apart from society is scary and alone, so usually people can not do that. He also feels that, so he wanted to die in the crowd. Also, he is proud of his life, so he wanted to show how he lived. Now, he really enjoys his life. The life is meaningless; he realizes it when he faces death. If people know that, they give up everything; however, for Meursault, everything makes sense. There is no clue in the world, so what he can do is creating the meaning by himself. Life is hard because nobody helps him, but he decides everything and what he does has meaning. He can enjoy his life fully, so his life is wonderful. He has to enjoy his life while he is living because there is nothing after death. There is no meaning in the world, so he creates it. Everything is to be happy.

Speech on Everyone Is Human Being Essay Example for Free

Speech on Everyone Is Human Being Essay Sir,Madam.. I am here to present the speech which is about â€Å"Every One is a Human Beign†. My story begins like this. A mother gives a birth to a living creature and We called it as â€Å"An infant†. You, Me and We all were borned because of a mother. When we were in our infantry age, We didn’t know so much things. There had very few things with us. We knew how to smile, how to cry and how to get loved. After becoming older.. Humans learn lot of things. They learn science, Maths, Religion and Languages.. But they forget the initial facts which had with them in born.. They try to cover their real smile, they try to show fake smile, fake feelings and they are running like rats for searching money. They don’t care each others. They don’t like to thing we all are human beigns and they haven’t time too to think so. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. They are human just like you and me. They have emotions just like you and me. sadness, happiness, loneliness put it this way, whatever you are feeling everyone in the world can and will feel. so instead of putting them in your mind as better than me put in your mind your as good as they are. We all want to live by each other’s happiness, not by each other’s misery. We don’t want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone and the earth is rich and can provide for everyone.The way of life can be free and beautiful.But we have lost the way. Reality is what you believe in. There is no such thing as a fish as fals e reality! So if you put in your mind that everyone else is human, all lonely individuals looking for other people to meet. well then that is exactly what they are.

Human resource policies

Human resource policies Part A: Formal Human Resource Policies Introduction Human Resource (HR) policies can be defined as â€Å"continuing guidelines on the approach the organization intends to adopt in managing its people† (Armstrong, 2007). They are formal rules adopted by a business that define how to employ, train, assess, and reward the personnel, forming the philosophies of the organization, which lead to the principles which managers are supposed to practise when coping with HR matters. Consequently, HR policies help in the decision-making process concerning staff when HR practices are unfold. Part A of the assignment looks at a HR policies concept that promises to help organizations to manage various situations in working environment. The central statement that this part attempted to discuss and debate is: Literature Review According to Salinas O. in his Article â€Å"Other concepts and tools in Human Resources†Policies of recruitment, implementation, maintenance, development and control of Human Resource are vital for the proper performance of work force in the company. â€Å"In our opinion, the policies set by the company will never be unnecessary, just poorly developed or they have not been designed†. Advantages and Disadvantages of HR Policies The main claim made for HR policies is that when they are well-organized it can eliminate potential misinterpretations between employees and employers defining their rights and obligations within the firm. Ramey Sniffen (1991) claim that â€Å"sound human resource policy is a necessity in the growth of any business or company†. Authors believe that recognition of this necessity usually appears after the increase in time and money wasted on resolving human resource issues. These resources could be well spent on production, marketing, and planning for growth. Effective, consistent, and fair human resource decisions are often made more time consuming by a lack of written, standardized policies and procedures. The advantages of written HR policies may sound obvious, but there are also disadvantages. According to Armstrong (2007), formal policies can be inflexible, constrictive, and platitudinous. Moreover, policies are often expressed in abstract terms that may lead managers to get confused over abstractions. It appeared that even though HR experts tend to believe that written policies are a necessity, employees usually against it as written records may become dangerous and can be used against them in a lawsuit and vice versa, the organisation can become a subject to similar attacks. Organisational Analysis We can notice examples that show us the relationship between cause and effect of the poorly developed policies which further lead to organisational problems and low productivity. This can be reflected in following organisational examples analyzed below, however, some of the organisations mentioned have adopted some HR policies which brought a positive impact on the organisation. CAUSE # 1 →DIFFICULTIES IN PERFOMANCE EVALUATION Employees without self- assessment Effects The companys evaluation is not known by the areas Managers dont discuss the companys evaluation with employees CAUSE # 2 →COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS The company lacks of communication flow Effects Lack training for development of communicative skills Lack of spaces and technology in order to improve the communications transmission CAUSE # 3 →INSUFFICIENT TRAINING Lack of studies according to necessities of training Effects Resistance by employees to have training Few options to training CAUSE # 4 →LOW COMMITMENT TO DO TASKS Low motivation Effects Absolute ignorance of results achieved by the employees Low participation by the employees making decisions CAUSE # 5 →INADEQUATE SYSTEM OF SELECTION Poor pre-contract investigation Effects Deficiencies in the scheme of recruitment Gap in the call phase CAUSE # 6 →POOR STIMULATION SYSTEM Effects Insufficient Stimulation in items such as : salary, promotion, training and bonus Organisational Examples Wright et al. (2003) argues that companies start treating people as a human capital of competitive advantage which can be taken through the HR policies that best leverage of HR practices and its performance. Hilton Internationals UK hotels perceive this idea as being fundamenktally concerned with deployment of a service culture throughout the organization by paying special attention to line manager involvement in human resource practice (Maxwell Watson, 2006). HR policy also designed to address gender issues with emphasis on equal opportunities and efficiency concerns. Not taking these issues seriously usually lead to sexual discriminations particular among woman workforce sector. A study conducted by Standing (2000) describes the lack of reference to gender issues mostly in developing countries. It is exemplified that in Zimbabwe womens formal sector employment is mainly in the service sector and women stand at the lower end of the hierarchy and salary grades. It is also noted that in Uganda, only 3.7% women are employed in professional, technical, clerical and managerial occupations. LG Electronics India had come up with new and improved HR Policy by introducing the Joyful Working 5 (JW5) programme. To accelerate and strengthen the Culture at LGEIL as the survey was conducted within the company, which mainly focused on the monotony employees are facing at work and the boredom they are undergoing. Such policy created the platform for both the employees and employers in better understanding and pleasant work environment which not only helped the company creating the compelling future, but also build the culture of striving for number one position in the industry. (LG, 2009) NHS Direct were planning to redundant some of their employees in the next few months. With the formal company policies in place, the UNISON union committee had fought back with the statement that NHS Direct has breached policy for reasons which include failing to consult with UNISONs collective committee that there were plans to issue advance notice of redundancies. As a result, NHS Directs director of human resources said, If the proposal is accepted, we would, wherever possible, offer staff alternative employment at nearby NHS Direct sites and redundancies would only take effect as a last resort. (TheComet24, 2009) This is a case about Blue Cross Company; according to Larson (2007) Susan Baldwin working for Blue Cross Company claimed she was subjected to various profanities and sexual innuendo from her boss. Blue Cross immediately interviewed Scott Head, the alleged harasser, and three other employees, but no one substantiated Baldwins claims. Rather than terminating or disciplining the supervisor, Blue Cross gave him a warning and offered to hire an industrial psychologist to counsel both him and Baldwin. She refused. When Baldwin refused Blue Crosss subsequent offer to transfer her to another location, she was terminated. Her lawsuit followed quickly. The court found that Blue Cross was not liable for discrimination for terminating Baldwin because, Firing an employee because she will not cooperate with the employers reasonable efforts to resolve her complaints is not discrimination based on sex, even if the complaints are about sexual harassment. The court also found that Blue Cross was not liable for the alleged acts of its supervisor because it exercised reasonable care to promptly correct harassing behaviour as soon as it was reported, and Baldwin unreasonably failed to take advantage of the remedial actions Blue Cross offered. (Larson, 2007) A case about Sharon Coleman a former legal secretary in July 2008, won a legal battle in the European Court of Justice against her employers Attridge Law (now called EBR Attridge LLP), whom she accused of discriminating against her at the workplace and of having forced her into accepting voluntary redundancy. As Coleman had a 4-year-old son who was disabled, born with a medical condition that led to his having difficulties in breathing and hearing. According to Coleman, she was treated differently at work from other employees, who had normal children. By the law of Flexibility in the Workplace Discrimination by Association, Coleman sued the company and won her legal battle.(ICMR, 2008a) Eli Lilly Company (Lilly) worlds leading Pharmaceuticals Company, which claims to have a very good diversity program running at the company and was also widely regarded as a very good employer, faced a federal lawsuit regarding the companys human rights policies and practices. On April 20, 2006, a class action lawsuit was filed with the US District Court, Southern District of Indiana, by four black employees who had worked at Lilly. The lawsuit charged the company with being hostile and biased against them because of their race. Lilly was accused of discriminating against the black employees on the basis of race and denying them fair wages, promotions, performance evaluations and discipline. In terms of renovation, reinvention, transformation or redesign, General Electric, has done emphasis in having a good working relationship and keep the best atmosphere for their employees. According to Immelt J, people are the most important value in General Electric. Therefore, the ability to recruit the best people in the world is a competitive advantage without comparison. A strategic point into the management of RH is the communication chain, at the same time; the leaders must be able to represent employers and employees. Clear HR policies are essential so employees could understand their company and gain a sense of belonging. Harley Davison which has a human resources system based on formal training and learning management. The result of this is that their employees share a positive attitude that is associated with the development and competitiveness of this Company. Harley Davison institutionalises its commitment to learning and created the University of Harley with the aim if developing leaders, translating values into action with an emotional performance in which the value attached to learning applies and, the evaluation of individual performance shapes a new organization in which the learning is shared and it is the ingredient that binds employees. For the Swede Ingvar Kamprad founder of IKEA company, who started his idea in 1943, thinking in the basic necessities of the common people and nowadays his company has branch on 36 countries of Europe, Asia, North America and Oceania with more than 200 stores, the protection and careful of his employees, is and will be one of the most important policy, doing of them, a company with high social responsibility. Currently IKEA has more than 105.000 employees, for this reason their greatest concern for them is give to their employees a good balance between work and personal life, therefore, they have kept flexibility in their task and activities, suitable schedules, plans of professional development, support in different studies as college or universities and medical coverage; consequently of their policies in RH and programs for employees, IKEA has received several awards. WALMART, company which is into top 5 of the greatest companies in the world. It success is based mainly in â€Å"customers and employees†, In fact the policies created around the employees was essential in his goals, Sam Walson founder, offered their employees, benefits and gaining, in order to, they were part of the excellent results. In other words, Sam Walson wanted his employees were members, encouraging from cashiers to managers to think how owners, idea very successful, likewise, for him, was fundamental to have employees with new ideas, clear thoughts and positive mind without bad habits from their previous jobs. Nestlà © was a result of the merger in 1905 of the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk, founded in 1866, with (Farine Lactea) Nestlà © SA., Founded in 1867 by Henri Nestlà ©, who invented a product that continues to save the lives of children and newborn infant formula for babies whose mothers cannot breastfeed. its success is the sum of a long and distinguished history, part of its success is based on the thought that their partners should achieve a good balance between their careers and their privacy. Not only because it reinforces the loyalty, satisfaction and it improves productivity, also it has a positive impact on the reputation of the Company and to attract and motivate employees. According to the list of Best Workplaces 2007, Microsoft has been designated as the company with better working environment, the study include: credibility, respect, fairness, pride and camaraderie. According to it, the Microsoft executives are fulfilling their promises in creating career and training opportunities and properly assigning functions (promotions to worthy people), the company involves employees in decision-making takes into account their suggestions, recognizes his work and allows flexibility. Employee networks are a key element of American Express success in supporting diversity in the workplace. Currently, American Express has 10 networks open to all employees organized around topics of interest to African-American, Asian, Christian, Gay Lesbian, Hispanic, Jewish, and Native American employees, as well as for People over 40, People with Disabilities and Women. These networks provide support to American Express business objectives, including enhancing marketing efforts in targeted communities, supporting employee recruitment and retention initiatives, and participating in outreach and volunteer programs. These networks have also been instrumental in helping to introduce new policies and benefits to employees. For example, GLOBE, the companys gay and lesbian network, was instrumental in having domestic partner benefits introduced back in 1997. And WIN, the womens network, worked with management to introduce a customized companywide alternative work arrangements policy as well as a free backup childcare centers in several locations throughout the United States. A mishandling on the resources human policies, can lead to failure. Such as is the case of ENRON one of the seven biggest companies in United States, the problem was focused in a poor policy of recruitment and selection, due to, they chosen people with high qualification, but they were not suitable for the position, besides people hired by just friendship, taking wrong decisions in critical situations. Is the case of Cindy Olson who was HR Vice-President of ENRON. She did not have enough knowledge about United States laws regarding to employee benefits, giving wrong advices of investment over stock-options. The previous point represents a serious violation to the financial legislation in the United State of America. Conclusions Looking at the evidence provided, it seems that production and maintenance of formal HR policies record are applied in ways that assures that personnel management policies are in use. Companies typically have to make revisions to established HR policies on a regular basis otherwise there is a danger of those policies to become outdated as the company grows and as the regulatory and business environments in which it operates evolve. On the other side, Policies can be made today and changed tomorrow who can stop the management from doing that? Most research on human resource (HR) policies in the workplace suggests that formal policies can contribute to variation in discrimination by altering employers behaviours. We consider an alternative manner by which HR policies influence formal discrimination complaints. HR policies, especially those targeting employees, can raise employees rights awareness and encourage them to seek remedies for discrimination at work. PART B: BOYCOTTS, LOCKOUTS AND STRIKES Chapter 1. Introduction Industrial actions typically take place when a disagreement between the trade union and the management team of a business is not resolved through negotiation. The main forms of industrial action are: Strikes (workers refuse to work for the employer) and Lockouts (a work stoppage where the employer stops workers from working). These sorts of actions should be avoided because they are expensive for businesses and countries; actions must be taken by HR management and trade unions in order to solve the disputes at work, they have mechanisms such as: Mediation (A mediator, an impartial expert talks to both parties and gets a solution both can accept); Conciliation (Though similar to mediation but used to resolve legal dispute instead of general problems inside the company); Arbitration (An impartial person known as an arbitrator, decides between two claims).The last resource affirms by NI Direct, UK to solve a work problem is going to an Industrial Tribunal or a court Literature Review Not until the 1960s, Leopold, Harris, Watson (2005) claimed, â€Å"There was little in the way of legal intervention in the relationship between employer and employee. A growing concern about the impact of the countrys high level of industrial stoppages on the UKs economic performance led to the setting up of the Donovan Commission to investigate the countrys industrial relations problems. While the Commissions report (Donovan, 1968) supported the continuance of the voluntary system of bargaining it recommended reform based on ‘properly conducted, collective bargaining with a greater formalization of the process at company level which was to include the professionalization of personnel specialists. Certain individuals/organisations operate with a view of management and work organisations which academics often characterize as processual an approach which they contrast with a systems one (Watson, 2002). They see management as a process in which managers are ‘all the time negotiating and renegotiating compromises and achieving work agreements, rather than a ‘matter of resigning systems which sort everything out. They operate within a pluralist perspective: This always taking into account the fact that there is a plurality of interests, goals, wants and priorities among the variety of people involved in any given organisation. Other organisations see management and employment relations from Unitary Perspective: This assumes the predominance of common interests and shared priorities across the organisation†. Pages 412-414 Boycott Burnett (1891) defined boycott as â€Å"a means of moral offence used by individuals against each other, or by sections of a community against other sections or individuals differing from them on some matter of action or opinion. The industrial boycott almost invariably but not always or necessarily, is a phase of strike or lock-out, but it sometimes exists apart from either. It is generally used against an employer who refuses to concede the demands of his workpeople or of trade union, but it sometimes applied by one organisation of workmen against another. It may accompany or supplement and follow, an unsuccessful strike, or it may be wielded against an employer having no dispute with his employee, simply because they do not belong to a trade union†. Pages 163-173 Lock-Out According to DEWR, Australian Government, â€Å"Lockout is a weapon of an employer to thwart or enforce such change by preventing employees from working. Another measure is work to rule, when production is virtually brought to a halt by the strict following of union rules. This will depend on whether the lockout is â€Å"protected† (ie. lawful) or â€Å"unprotected† (ie. unlawful). Lockouts are protected if: They occur during a properly notified bargaining period There is a genuine attempt to reach agreement before the industrial action is taken; Employer gives at least three working days written notice to each party with whom they are negotiating (unless the lockout is a response to protected industrial action by employees). Guests (1995) fourfold classification of options for managing the employment relationship HRM PRIORITY High HRM PRIORITY Low IR PRIORITY High New Realism High emphasis on HRM ER Traditional Collectivism Priority to IR without HRM IR PRIORITY Low Individualised HRM High priority to HRM No IR The Black Hole No HRM No IR Guest identifies that there are a number of policy options that need to be considered when developing an employment relations strategy. He describes four options: The new realism a high emphasis on human resource management and industrial relations. The aim is to integrate human resource management and industrial relations. This is the policy of such organisation as Nissan and Toshiba. New collaborative arrangements in the shape of single-table bargaining are usually the result of employer initiatives, but both employers and unions are often satisfied with them. They have facilitated greater flexibility, more multiskilling, the removal of demarcations and improvements in quality. They can also extend consultation processes and accelerate moves towards single status. Traditional collectivism priority to industrial relations without human resource management. This involves retaining the traditional pluralist industrial relations arrangements within an eventually unchanged industrial relations system. Management may take the view in these circumstances that it is easier to continue to operate within a union, since it provides a useful, well-established channel for communication and for the handling of grievance, discipline and safety issues. Individualised human resource management high priority to human resource management with no industrial relations. According to Guest, this approach is not very common, except in North American owned firms. It is, he believes, essentially piecemeal and opportunist. The black hole no industrial relations. This option is becoming more prevalent in organisations in which human resource management is not a policy priority for management and where they do not see that there is a compelling reason to operate within a traditional industrial relations system. When such organisations are facing a decision on whether or not to recognise a union, they are increasingly deciding not to do so. THEORETICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGING UNION RELATIONS In general terms, various organisations/management employ different ways in resolving or managing conflicts with employees or trade unions. Leopold, Harris and Watson (2005) outlined the TraditionalStrategic Human Resourcing theory in managing Union Relations. Traditional Strategic Human Resourcing Options in Management-Union Relations One of the major ways in which employing organisations can manage conflicts and handle many of the potential differences that can arise between employer and employee has been through institutionalised arrangements of collective bargaining and Consultation with the Trade Unions. A key human resourcing strategic decision for the managers of any organisation is whether or not they are going to recognize, pr continue to recognize trade union(s) as a legitimate vehicle for the expression of employee interests Unions win the vast majority of pre-strike ballots, but in most cases, strikes do not occur because further negotiations to reach a final settlement occur (Labour Research Department, 1993). Thus Blyton and Turnbull (1998:301) conclude that strikes may be viewed as a sign of union weakness, not of strength, because a strong union is able to achieve a negotiated settlement through the threat of strike action backed by membership support in a ballot rather than actually conducting a strike. Union Recognition Although employers may be faced with demands for union recognition, the process of reaching agreement with the union (s) is likely to lead to a classification and codification of a number of key issues. Negotiations over recognition are also likely to confront a key issue. In the 1990s, there was a move towards the establishment of single-table bargaining where all the recognized unions in an organisation negotiated common pay and conditions agreements together rather than a series of separate agreements (Gall, 1994) The final area of decision-making in a recognition agreement is over which issues are to be part of the substantive agreements, that is, which areas of decision-making are to be subject to joint decision-making. These are likely to include basic pay and conditions of employment such as hours of work and pensions. Finally, a recognition agreement would also contain provisions for the resolution of disputes though conciliation or arbitration. Clauses would probably exclude the use of strikes or lockouts until these procedures had been exhausted, thus providing one of the key benefits to management of formal recognition The avoidance of informal or wild cat strikes while disputes are considered through the formal procedures. Substitution Strategic option Beaumont (1987) distinguishes between union substitution and union avoidance as approaches to staying or becoming non-union. In considering union substitution approaches, it might be useful to consider what unions have to offer employees and relate this to the chain of thought that employees might go through in deciding to join or not. The implication is that if management can intervene to influence any of these decisions then the outcome maybe that employees do not perceive any need to join a union as they do not believe that it would be able to improve the terms and conditions of employment or the nature of the employment relationship. Employers could seek to provide alternative channels ‘employee voice through such devices as open-door policies, employee-based works councils and individual-based employee participation mechanisms so that again employees do not feel that union channels of representation would significantly improve their situation at work. Many alternative providers of membership services exist through other membership and commercial organisations so that this is not likely to be the prime route into union membership for non-members (Whitston and Waddington, 1994; Waddington 2003). The essence of Beaumonts argument is therefore that employers can seek to introduce policies and practices that substitute for those which might follow from union membership and recognition. The Human Resource Management Approach to Employment Relations The human resource management approach to employment relations involves coordinating (or bundling) strategies to promote the psychological contract, improve involvement and communication. Armstrong (1999) suggests the following model for employment relations: a drive for commitment winning the hearts and minds of employees to get them to identify with the organisation, to exert themselves more on its behalf and to remain with the organisation, thus ensuring a return on their training and development; an emphasis on mutuality getting the message across that we are all in this together and that the interests of management and employees coincide (i.e. a unitarist approach); the organisation of complementary forms of communication, such as team briefing, alongside traditional collective bargaining i.e. approaching employees directly as individuals or in groups rather than through their representatives; a shift from collective bargaining to individual contracts; the use of employee involvement techniques such as quality circles or improvement groups; continuous pressure on quality total quality management; increased flexibility in working arrangements, including multi-skilling, to provide for the more effective use of human resources, sometimes accompanied by an agreement to provide secure employment for the core workers harmonisation of terms and conditions for all employees; and emphasis on teamwork. Organisational Examples Article written by Cary (2007) explains that Sears Holdings Corporation Canada and U.S October 1,2007 locked out 70 appliance repair technicians in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Sears said ‘the technicians could return to work under imposed terms that do not include any scheduled wage increases for four years. Sears scheduled work weeks without two consecutive days off, eliminated certain overtime premiums, and remove a pre-existing paid holiday. Sears also said ‘technicians returning to work would not pay union dues, almost four months the lockout continues. The lockout technicians are asking North American workers to boycott sears stores in order to get sears back to bargaining. Joe (2009) reports that, there is a chronic shortage of primary and secondary school places in Lewisham. The council of Lewisham proposes to demolish the school, currently for ages 3-

Energy Fundamentals :: Environment Environmental Essays

Energy Fundamentals There are many different views, properties, values, and interests for different types of energy. In viewing energy in terms of commodity we focus on supply and demand. Also the price of energy is an important factor. Commodity is used by current buyers and sellers in deciding what type of energy to use. As an ecological resource depletability, environmental impact , and resource issues are the properties of energy. The choice of future sustainability and frugality are also values by those who view energy as an ecological resource. Market bystanders and future generations are most interested in viewing energy in this way. When viewed as a social necessity availability and distribution are the important properties of energy. Equity is valued most when energy is viewed as a social necessity. The poor, and under funded public services seek to benefit from this view point of energy the most. Finally, energy as a â€Å"strategic material† is the last view on energy that we have discussed in class. The properties of this energy view are geopolitics and foreign energy. Security is the main concern, and energy buyers and suppliers are mostly concerned with this view of energy. Nuclear energy is a form of energy that is created through the reaction and exchange of electrons. It is stored in the nuclei of atoms and released either through fission (spliting atoms) or fusion (joining atoms). Elector magnetic energy is concerned with the wavelengths of waves such as converting gamma rays to radio waves. There are also many different forms of energy conversions. (1/25/02 lecture). There is chemical to thermal. an example of this is fire. Chemical to electromagnetic, an example of which is a candle. Conversion from chemical to electrical in which a battery is an example.

News and Current Affairs :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the television was invented in 1924, news and current affairs programs have surly become one of our main media sources. With this in mind, reporters and stations alike are able to manipulate their audiences through a variety of techniques, to make them believe a representation of reality as opposed to the true fact. This is evident in the current affairs story â€Å"Video Game Violence† and the standard news story â€Å"Music Video Ban†. These similar stories both originated from Channel Nine and represent violence in society’s youth today, stating children are at risk if exposed to such material. Through a selection of techniques, the audience is lured into supporting the told story and agreeing with the general attitudes promoted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents are the desired target audience of these stories which is evident through the mentioning of â€Å"children† and â€Å"youth†. Both news reports state that the media available to children today has proven to be devastating on the way they portray everyday life events. â€Å"Music Video Ban† is about a graphically violent music video produced by Perth band Beaverloop, creating outrage in society. â€Å"Video Game Violence† is a story about the effect of both suitable and non-suitable video games on children, supported by interviews and a psychiatric case study. In â€Å"Music Video Ban† to heighten the seriousness of this situation, the Columbine massacre is randomly mentioned and images of victims’ families are shown. This is to ‘help’ the viewer in understanding the attitude given, and reveals the possibilities of what can happen when access to violent media is too broad. In the â€Å"Video Game Viole nce† story, images of a devastated family from an incident involving a copy-cat murder are displayed. The ideas were taken from an R-rated Australian film known as â€Å"Bad Boy Bubby† and were used on Perth girl Natasha in her sleep by her 17 year old boyfriend. This is evidence enough that even the most unexpected can be influenced by meaningless entertainment media. The stories are shown to be warnings for parents around Australia to keep careful watch over what their children are exposed to and through graphic examples, express that failure is not an option.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lead in on a report is very important for its ability to give first (and often last) impressions. This consists of the first few sentences (often containing connative terms) spoken to introduce the story, giving a general overview of what the report will be about. News and Current Affairs :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the television was invented in 1924, news and current affairs programs have surly become one of our main media sources. With this in mind, reporters and stations alike are able to manipulate their audiences through a variety of techniques, to make them believe a representation of reality as opposed to the true fact. This is evident in the current affairs story â€Å"Video Game Violence† and the standard news story â€Å"Music Video Ban†. These similar stories both originated from Channel Nine and represent violence in society’s youth today, stating children are at risk if exposed to such material. Through a selection of techniques, the audience is lured into supporting the told story and agreeing with the general attitudes promoted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents are the desired target audience of these stories which is evident through the mentioning of â€Å"children† and â€Å"youth†. Both news reports state that the media available to children today has proven to be devastating on the way they portray everyday life events. â€Å"Music Video Ban† is about a graphically violent music video produced by Perth band Beaverloop, creating outrage in society. â€Å"Video Game Violence† is a story about the effect of both suitable and non-suitable video games on children, supported by interviews and a psychiatric case study. In â€Å"Music Video Ban† to heighten the seriousness of this situation, the Columbine massacre is randomly mentioned and images of victims’ families are shown. This is to ‘help’ the viewer in understanding the attitude given, and reveals the possibilities of what can happen when access to violent media is too broad. In the â€Å"Video Game Viole nce† story, images of a devastated family from an incident involving a copy-cat murder are displayed. The ideas were taken from an R-rated Australian film known as â€Å"Bad Boy Bubby† and were used on Perth girl Natasha in her sleep by her 17 year old boyfriend. This is evidence enough that even the most unexpected can be influenced by meaningless entertainment media. The stories are shown to be warnings for parents around Australia to keep careful watch over what their children are exposed to and through graphic examples, express that failure is not an option.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lead in on a report is very important for its ability to give first (and often last) impressions. This consists of the first few sentences (often containing connative terms) spoken to introduce the story, giving a general overview of what the report will be about.

Essay --

A wedding is exciting, especially if it’s your own. However, the actual preparations could dampen that sense of eagerness and anticipation. In extreme cases, working out the details, such as invitations and the bridal car (http://carrentgoa.com/wedding-cars/) can turn the â€Å"lucky lady† into a bridezilla. Don’t take the fun out of your special day before it’s even begun. Avoid these costly wedding planning mishaps. Mistake No. 1 - Going all out on the jewellery It’s tempting to have more than one sparkler as you walk down the aisle. If the bling is worth half of your budget, think again. Remember, everyone’s attention will already be focused on you. The bride is the star of her own wedding, after all. Choose a key accessory to match the cut of your dress and slip on that lovely engagement ring (http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/diamonds-decoded-experts-guide-buying-engagement-ring/story?id=19630519). †¢ Ice Envy diamond rings (http://www.iceenvy.com.au/) – these exquisite jewellery pieces are created by a master artisan and has gemologist approval. Mistake No. 2 - Asking all your friends to be part of the wedding party Sometimes, being engaged makes you want to shout it from the rooftops. That’s great! But it doesn’t mean everyone who hears about it should automatically be part of the wedding party. If your (and your intended hubby’s) finances are limited, the money should be spent on where it’s most needed. Bridesmaid bouquets and dresses can get expensive. Determine the number of people in the wedding party by your budget, not your contact list. If you really think about, individuals whom both of you are really close to might not be more than dozen. Having known you since childhood or seen you through every relationship cris... ...have so many things to attend to, there’s no time to practice your â€Å"blushing bride† look. Let a professional take over. Discuss with the stylist the look you want to achieve. †¢ Red October (http://www.redoctoberhairandbeauty.co.uk/) – experienced unisex hairdressers in Lancashire. Mistake No. 6 – Having decorations that are too elaborate Decor is necessary to liven up the venue. But avoid going overboard. The cost of wall hangings and rope lights can add up. Stick to the essentials (e.g. fresh flowers). These sources may come in handy. †¢ Tynte Flowers (https://www.tynte.com/) – an online florist shop where customers can get fresh bridal bouquets. †¢ Mystique Events wedding aisles (http://www.mystiqueevents.com.au/white-wedding-aisles-melbourne) – decorative solutions that add beauty to the venue for the nuptials. Find additional references on these web pages:

Pros & Cons of Television Essay

Nowadays television plays an important role in everyone’s life. By being the source of information, it provides an endless entertainment for the whole family units. As a result, every family now owns a television and television is now becoming a very useful device for every family. So, in this situation we should say that there many advantages and disadvantages in watching television. And this is the time to discuss the advantages first. Firstly, the television brings us news from all over the world through local T.  V channels and satellites T. V channels about political happenings, social events, festivals, sports news and weather forecasting. There are also many programs showing the beauties and sceneries in the world that we can see and enjoy without spending money travelling there. Furthermore, television can be considered as a source for the students to improve their subject knowledge and general knowledge. There are several channels which provide many programs that can help students in their studies. Read more: Advantages of television essay Especially, students who are doing science as a subject they can gather more knowledge by watching Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel and more. As we all know in science there many more things which are very difficult to see the processes with our naked eyes. Such as Amoebas, life cycle of bacteria, and behavior of viruses. However, because of the television now students can see those processes just by watching television. Thus it can help them to improve their studies. For housewives and elderly people those who most of the times stay at home the television, in fact, their best friend and their best company. As well as, the programs designed to teach children like ‘Sesame Street’ are useful for kids’ English knowledge that shows vocabulary, simple mathematics, science history and arts. Such learnings are ideal for kids who are in early childhood. For the present we have considered the advantages of the television. Now let’s discuss about the disadvantages of television. Because of the television, social problems such as educational and health regarding to teenagers, are becoming worse. These were exposed by a research done lately that teenagers in most of countries are addicted to television programs. As a result of this addiction that teenagers are used to forget their studies and neglect homeworks. As instance, this kind of issues were recorded specially so during Sirasa Super Star reality television program which have been telecasted on Saturdays and Sundays. Students wasted a lot of time by concentrating on that T. V show instead of studying. As side effect of this, in 2005 O/L and A/L results have been reduced. Similarly that they are dillying-dallying in front of the television teenagers are come up with health issues like adipose and defects of vision. These kinds of social problems would become worse issues in future. Another bad issue of watching television is that some of the programs which are carrying bad scenes are not being filtered. Therefore this can be affected to the growing age of the teenagers as their minds are not really matured. Withal, most of the teenagers love to experience new adventure things and to imitate super heroes like superman, spider man and etc†¦. Therefore, sometimes, many of the teenagers come up with fateful disasters. As instances, in by-gone times, few deads were recorded because of imitating superman by kids and also lot of teenagers experiencing dangerous narcotics. When looking the main reasons of these circumstances are that programs being telecasted by television. As well as, the reasons for crimes done by teenagers are also the films which were shown in television as crime, barbarian films, robbery cases, murder cases, drug dealing and smuggling films. As example, lately, a student who was in America shot his colleges and his lecturers with a gun in his own collage. Finally, that student also committed to suicide by himself. For these tragics, to distort his mind, television have strictly affected to him. At last we should say that television brings more advantages and more disadvantages for human beings. Though, in one hand as we appreciate one of our of information and communication source, in other hand we should be responsible that the parents should also supervise their children to control them from watching unnecessary things from the television.